It is said that there are ten kings in hell, one of whom is Emma or Enra (Yama). They judge the dead every seventh day between the seventh day and the seventy-seventh day after death, on the hundredth day, and at the first and the third year's anniversaries of death. In China pictures with this motif painted during the tenth century are still extant. Many pieces from the Song and Yuan dynasties were brought to Japan; The works by Lu Xinzhong were the representative pieces among them. The style of the signature in the painting introduced in this article is, though part of the signature is not visible, identical with the one in "Buddha's Nirvana" by Lu Xinzhong kept in the Nara National Museum. In each scroll, a king, who is sitting on a throne and is accompanied by officials, is described. In front of them, those who were found guilty are punished in several ways. The dense arrangement of objects and precise technique are notable in Lu Xinzhong's paintings. The standing screens behind the kings are decorated with landscape paintings in ink. It is interesting to imagine that those landscape paintings painted within the scene of other pictures had some influence on Japanese ink paintings.
Masterpieces of Nara National Museum. Nara National Museum, 1993, p.44, no.29.
Important Cultural Property
Ten Kings of Hell
Hanging scroll; ink and colors on silk
H 83.2, W 47.0
Southern Song dynasty, China
13th century

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More
Accession Number | 1013-0 |
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Category | Paintings |
Artist, Maker or Writer | By Lu Xinzhong (active 1195?1277) |
Bibliography | Illustrated Catalogue of the Collection of the Nara National Museum: Buddhist Painting. Nara National Museum, 2002, 169p. (Japanese) Masterpieces from the Collection of the Nara National Museum. Nara National Museum, 1997, 350p. (Japanese) |
Related Objects
Accession Number | Image | Object Name/Title |
---|---|---|
1013-1 |
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Ten Kings of Hell, Qinguang Wang (J., Shinkō Ō) |
1013-2 |
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Ten Kings of Hell, Chujiang Wang (J., Shokō Ō) |
1013-3 |
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Ten Kings of Hell, Songdi Wang (J., Sōtei Ō) |
1013-4 |
![]() |
Ten Kings of Hell, Wuguan Wang (J., Gokan Ō) |
1013-5 |
![]() |
Ten Kings of Hell, Yanluo Wang (J., Enra Ō; Skt., Yamarāja) |
1013-6 |
![]() |
Ten Kings of Hell, Biancheng Wang (J., Hensei Ō) |
1013-7 |
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Ten Kings of Hell, Taishan Wang (J., Taizan Ō) |
1013-8 |
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Ten Kings of Hell, Pingdeng Wang (J., Byōdō Ō) |
1013-9 |
![]() |
Ten Kings of Hell, Doushi Wang (J., Toshi Ō) |
1013-10 |
![]() |
Ten Kings of Hell, Wudao Zhuanlun Wang (J., Godō Tenrin Ō) |
Accession Number | 1013-1 |
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Image |
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Object Name/Title | Ten Kings of Hell, Qinguang Wang (J., Shinkō Ō) |
Accession Number | 1013-2 |
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Image |
![]() |
Object Name/Title | Ten Kings of Hell, Chujiang Wang (J., Shokō Ō) |
Accession Number | 1013-3 |
---|---|
Image |
![]() |
Object Name/Title | Ten Kings of Hell, Songdi Wang (J., Sōtei Ō) |
Accession Number | 1013-4 |
---|---|
Image |
![]() |
Object Name/Title | Ten Kings of Hell, Wuguan Wang (J., Gokan Ō) |
Accession Number | 1013-5 |
---|---|
Image |
![]() |
Object Name/Title | Ten Kings of Hell, Yanluo Wang (J., Enra Ō; Skt., Yamarāja) |
Accession Number | 1013-6 |
---|---|
Image |
![]() |
Object Name/Title | Ten Kings of Hell, Biancheng Wang (J., Hensei Ō) |
Accession Number | 1013-7 |
---|---|
Image |
![]() |
Object Name/Title | Ten Kings of Hell, Taishan Wang (J., Taizan Ō) |
Accession Number | 1013-8 |
---|---|
Image |
![]() |
Object Name/Title | Ten Kings of Hell, Pingdeng Wang (J., Byōdō Ō) |
Accession Number | 1013-9 |
---|---|
Image |
![]() |
Object Name/Title | Ten Kings of Hell, Doushi Wang (J., Toshi Ō) |
Accession Number | 1013-10 |
---|---|
Image |
![]() |
Object Name/Title | Ten Kings of Hell, Wudao Zhuanlun Wang (J., Godō Tenrin Ō) |